Hello, in this session, we are going to talk about the history of artificial intelligence. 1
Alan Turing introduced the Turing test in 1950s. 2
Let's see what is the Alan Turing test? In those days, 3
there were some vital questions like ''what is consciousness?'' 4
''Can an artificial machine really think?'' 5
"Does the mind just consist of neurons in the brain?" 6
"Or is there something spark at its core?" 7
For many, these have been vital consideration for the future of artificial intelligence. 8
But British computer scientist Alan Turing decided to disregard all those questions in favour of a much 9
simpler one. 10
"Can a computer talk like a human?" 11
This question led to an idea of measuring artificial intelligence that would famously come to be known 12
as a Turing test. 13
Let's take a look at these Turing test. 14
In 1950, paper, computer, machinery, and intelligence Turing proposed the following game: Human Judge 15
has a text conversation with unseen players and evaluates their responses to pass the test. 16
A computer must be able to replace one of the players without changing the result. 17
In other words, a computer would be considered intelligent if its conversation couldn't be easily distinguished 18
from a human. In this test, 19
if the machine is able to fool 70 percent of judges, then the machine passed the test. 20
However, it wasn't a successful test in Turing's days, and he identified the problem. 21
may be the memory. 22
Turing predicted that by the year 2000, machines with 100 megabytes of memory would be able to easily 23
pass this test. 24
But we all know even today's machines have far more memory than that. 25
Only a few of them have succeeded to pass this test and those which have succeeded, they just focused 26
more on finding clever ways of fooling the judges. 27
For instance, a machine which pretended that he is a 13 year old boy and not really good in English, 28
was able to pass the test and fool the judges by 30 percent. 29
John McCarthy in 1955 defines it as a science and engineering of making intelligent machines. 30
It was the first time that someone was using those two words in one sentence intelligent and machines. 31
He was calling machines intelligence, which was only used for human (this word), but now they just use that (intelligence) 32
for machines. 33
In 1950, a John McCarthy also introduced Lisp programming language, which was widely used in the 34
field of artificial intelligence and programming machines. 35
Prolog, which still is used, was introduced in 1972. Another important event of the history of artificial 36
intelligence, we can mention about Deep Blue Project of IBM. 37
Deep Blue defeated Garry Kasparov in 1997. 38
Let's take a look at this event and see why this is very huge and important in the history of artificial 39
intelligence. 40
On May 11, 1997, an IBM computer called IBM Deep Blue beat the World Chess Champion. 41
Their match lasts for several days and received massive media coverage all around the world. 42
It was a classic plotline of man vs machines, and it was very huge because that was the first time 43
that a machine was able to defeat a human. 44
And the title of many newspapers in those days was The machines are taking over humans and the machines 45
are winning over the human race and something like that. 46
It was very huge on those days. 47
Let's take a look at another important event on the history of artificial intelligence. 48
We can mention about another project of IBM, which is Watson; IBM Build Watson in 2011, and won 49
Jeopardy, which is a quiz show. 50
Watson is a question answering computer system capable of answering questions posed in a natural language. 51
Watson had access to two hundred million pages of structured and unstructured content, consuming four 52
terabyte of storage, including the full text of Wikipedia. 53
But of course, during the game it wasn't connected to the Internet. 54
This computer was able to process the question and answer all the question. 55
And one day, I guess, a million dollars prize for this show. 56
Let's move on to another important event, which we can mention about Alpha Go zero! 57
This is the most recent one, which is on 2017, Alpha Zero was taught how to play Go, but given no 58
additional instruction. 59
That is pretty amazing. 60
Let's take a look at it. 61
Go is known as the most challenging classical game for artificial intelligence because of its complexity. 62
This is the game of Go. 63
This is a Chinese game. 64
Two players using either white or black stones take turns placing their stones on the board. 65
The goal of this game is to surround and capture their opponent's stones or as strategically create 66
spaces of territories. The rules of the game are pretty simple, but actually this is one of the most 67
complex games because there are and an astonishing 10 to power of one hundred seventy possible board 68
configurations. 69
This is more than the number of atoms in the known universe. 70
This makes the game Go and one of the most complex ones. 71
And it's more complicated than chess because in a chess game we can predict how many possible moves 72
are and we can just program it based on that. 73
What programming and predicting the possible ways in this game is almost impossible. 74
Now, let's take a look at these Alpha 75
Go and see why this is very huge and very interesting in the field of artificial intelligence. 76
Alpha Go Zero was taught how to play the game Go, but given no additional instruction. 77
So how this is possible, no instruction?! instead. it learns the best moves over time simply by 78
playing millions of games against itself. They just let the machine to explore the game. 79
Just imagine when you start playing a new your game, sometimes you don't really go to read the instruction 80
of the game to see how to play this game. 81
You will just explore it by yourself. 82
You will start maybe pressing on some buttons on the keyboard based on your experience sometimes. 83
And you see, OK, so this 'F' button is for shooting!! 84
You will just find it out yourself and then by a few times losing to the machine, you will realize 85
that, OK, if I just shoot to these enemies, then I can have a scores and I can go to the next level. 86
Basically you are learning based on your experience, you're experiencing it yourself. 87
The thing that happened in this deep mine project is the same. 88
They just let the machine to play against himself and learn the best strategy and the best way to 89
predict and win the game. 90
And this is a very huge step in a field of artificial intelligence, because this time the machine is 91
finding new ways and a knowledge that wasn't taught by humans. 92
And it's just learning it by itself. 93
So that's why it's very important and it's a very huge step in thr field of artificial intelligence, 94
not only because of this game, 95
This is a technique that matters here. 96
And later, we can use these techniques for solving some complex problems in the field of Medicine and 97
in the field of business strategies and different things.