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To start this chapter, we'll see the difference between the LoRa modulation and the LoRaWAN protocol.
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These terms are sometimes mixed together and one is often used instead of the other.
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So we'll try to have an overview of these two terms Lora and Lorawan.
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Lora is the type of modulation.
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It's the method that is used for two entities to understand each other.
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We saw that the Lora modulaton uses chirp symbol and in addition to that we defined the Lora frame format,
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which is mainly a preamble at the beginning to synchronize the receiver and then at the end a code
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for error detection.
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These are the only fields required with this kind of frame.
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We can transmit from an end device to another end device, from an end device to a gateway.
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And obviously the other way round works as well.
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So from a gateway to an end device and finally we could imagine a Lora transmission between two gateways.
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To content of the frame that we call payload does not matter.
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You can put anything in it.
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You can build your own application protocol depending on your use case.
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Now, when you want to transmit information from an end device to a network server, you will probably
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want to implement some security features.
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You will also probably want to have a standardize protocol. So your end device could work with any network
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server.
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This is what we call interoperability.
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So we have to define a protocol, a transmission method.
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And this protocol is called LoRaWAN.
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The Lorawan protocol involves a network server and an application server. We'll see later what their purposes.
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But if we want that the network server and the application server can understand what the end device sends.
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We must add more information inside a LoRa frame.
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We will review this additional information in details later, but for now we can quote a few of them
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like the device address for identification, the authentification, information, the frame counter and so
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on.
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When we work with Lorawan, we don't have the possibility to transmit from an end device to another end
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device, but it's exclusively from an end device to a gateway.
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And then it's the gateway itself that transfers the packet to the network server. 
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Actually between the end device and the gateway,
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it's a LoRa packet transmission carrying a lorawan protocol message.
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So eventually, what are you going to use, Lora modulation or Lorawan protocol?
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First of all, if you use LoRaWAN, you necessarily use Lora.
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On the other hand, if you want to use only Lora, it's possible. You would transmit Lora packet, for
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example, between two end devices, and you will build your own application protocol.
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There is no problem with that.
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But when it comes to transfer information to the network server, you will have to use the LoRaWAN protocol.
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And this is this protocol that we will explain in this chapter.