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‫Welcome back.

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‫In this video you will learn all about

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‫environment variables.

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‫So what they are, how we set them, and how we use them.

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‫Now this is not exactly about Express,

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‫it really has to do with node JS development in general,

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‫but we really need this in order to move on

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‫in the project and so this is a good time

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‫to talk about this.

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‫So node JS, or Express apps,

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‫can run in different environments.

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‫And the most important ones are the development environment

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‫and the production environment.

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‫That's because depending on the environment,

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‫we might use different databases for example,

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‫or we might turn login on or off,

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‫or we might turn debugging on or off,

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‫or really all kinds of different settings that might

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‫change depending on the development that we're in.

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‫So again the most important ones are the development

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‫and the production environment.

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‫But there are other environments

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‫that bigger teams might use.

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‫So this type of setting that I just mentioned,

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‫like different databases or login turned on or off,

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‫that will be based on environment variables.

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‫Now by default, Express sets the environment to development

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‫which makes a lot of sense because that's what we're doing

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‫when we start a new project.

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‫So let's just for the sake of demonstration

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‫take a look at that variable,

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‫and we're gonna do that here in the server.

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‫So remember that everything that is not related

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‫to Express we're gonna do it outside of the app.JS file.

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‫So we only use this one here to configuring our application.

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‫So we only use this one in order to configure everything

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‫that has to do with the Express application.

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‫But the environment variables are really outside

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‫the scope of Express.

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‫So let's quickly do a console.log here

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‫of app.get

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‫and then end.

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‫Give it a save here and down here you can see development.

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‫Let me clear the console here, save it again,

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‫and so here again you see development.

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‫So that is the environment that we're currently in.

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‫And so you see that this app.getenv will get us

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‫the env environment variable.

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‫So in summary, environment variables are global variables

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‫that are used to define the environment in which

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‫a node app is running.

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‫So this one is set by Express,

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‫but node JS itself actually sets a lot of environments.

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‫Now this env variable here is actually set by Express,

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‫but node JS itself actually also sets a lot

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‫of environment variables.

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‫And so let's actually take a look at those as well.

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‫So these ones are located at process

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‫.env.

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‫Give it a save and so here we have a bunch

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‫of different variables okay and I will not go through

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‫all of them but let's just see they really

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‫are a bunch of them,

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‫and node uses most of them internally.

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‫For example a task to current working directory here

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‫in this environment variable and really a bunch

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‫of other stuff as you can see.

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‫For example my home folder or my login name

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‫you see the script that we use to start this process

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‫so really a bunch of stuff that for some reason

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‫node JS internally needs.

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‫Now these variables, they come from the process core module

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‫and we're set at the moment that the process started.

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‫And as you see,

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‫we didn't have to require the process module right.

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‫It is simply available everywhere automatically.

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‫Now in Express, many packages depend on a special variable

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‫called node N.

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‫So it's a variable that's kind of a convention

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‫which should define whether we're in development

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‫or in production mode okay.

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‫However Express does not really define this variable,

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‫and so we have to do that manually.

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‫And there are multiple ways in which we can do it,

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‫but let's start with the easiest one which is

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‫to use the terminal.

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‫So I'm gonna finish this process here, clear it,

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‫and so when we last started this process

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‫we did it using npm start.

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‫And npm start in turn stands for where is it?

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‫So it stands for nodemon server.

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‫And so let's copy this actually here.

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‫So we use nodemon server.js to start the process.

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‫But if you want to set an environment variable

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‫for this process, we need to pre-plan that variable

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‫to this command.

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‫So we say nodeenv,

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‫which is that special variable that I just talked about

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‫equals

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‫development.

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‫And if I start this process now, let's take a look.

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‫And so right now we have here node N set to development.

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‫And so this is the result of doing this console.log

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‫off process.env.

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‫And so that variable that we have here actually comes

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‫from that command.

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‫And we can actually define even more if we wanted.

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‫So let's just say X is 23 just for testing purposes

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‫start the process and now you see the X environment variable

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‫is attached to this 23 string all right.

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‫So again many packages on npm that we use

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‫for Express development actually depend on this

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‫environment variable.

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‫And so when our project is ready and we are gonna deploy it,

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‫we then should change the node N and variable to production.

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‫And we will do that of course once we deploy the project

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‫by the end of the course.

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‫So we set node N and X as environment variables,

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‫but we can do a lot more.

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‫And that's because we usually use environment variables

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‫like configuration settings for our applications.

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‫So whenever our app needs some configuration for stuff

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‫that might change based on the environment

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‫that the app is running in, we use environment variables.

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‫For example we might use different databases for development

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‫and for testing until we could define one variable

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‫for each and then activate the right database

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‫according to the environment.

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‫Also we could set sensitive data like passwords

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‫and user name using environment variables.

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‫Now it's not really practical to always define

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‫all of these variables in the command where we start

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‫the application.

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‫So imagine we had 10 environmental variables

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‫and it would be not really practical to having

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‫to write them out all here inside of this command.

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‫And so instead what we do is to create a configuration file.

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‫So let me go ahead and create

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‫config.env.

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‫And so env is really the convention for defining a file

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‫which is these environment variables.

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‫And VS code actually recognizes that and put this

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‫configuration icon right in the file.

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‫So let's now define this variable here

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‫and paste it in here.

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‫And we can also use some of this sensitive data

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‫that I just mentioned.

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‫So let's say the user is Jonas in lowercase

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‫and the password is one, two, three, four, five, six.

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‫Now as you see, these variable names they're usually always

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‫in upper case.

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‫So that's kind of a convention that we use.

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‫Now in your VS code probably all the text is just white

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‫so you have no syntax highlighting.

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‫And I have that because they use this .env extension here.

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‫So if you want your .env files to look nice like this

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‫please go ahead and install that one.

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‫So we have user password, let's also define the port

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‫on which our app should be running.

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‫So that's also kind of a standard variable

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‫that is usually in a .env file like this.

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‫And let's set this one to 8,000.

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‫Now how do we actually connect this .env file

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‫with our node application?

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‫So we need some way of reading these variables

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‫from this file and then saving them

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‫as environment variables.

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‫Because right now this is just a text file and node JS

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‫has no way of knowing that these variables are in here.

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‫And so for that the standard is kind of using

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‫a npm package called .env.

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‫So npm install.env,

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‫all right,

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‫then let's go over to our server and actually require

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‫that module.

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‫So const.env

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‫is equal to require

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‫.env, so simple.

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‫And down here we can simply use this dotenv variable

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‫called config on it and then in there we just have

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‫to pass an object to specify the path where our

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‫configuration file is located.

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‫So path,

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‫config dotenv.

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‫And so what this command will now do is to read

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‫our variables from the file and save them

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‫into node JS environment variables.

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‫So let's now run npm start and that should then

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‫block all our environment variables to the console

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‫because of this line of code.

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‫And so let's wait for it, and indeed here we have nodeenv,

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‫we have the port, the passwords,

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‫and of course the rest of the data should be somewhere

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‫here inside this gigantic list.

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‫It doesn't really matter where it is here.

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‫So the user was actually Jonas.io already

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‫and so we should call this here user name.

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‫Then resave this here in order to rerun the server again,

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‫and so now we have a user name down here

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‫and so these are the four environment variables

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‫that are defined in our file.

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‫Great, and just to finish, let's now actually go ahead

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‫and use this nodeenv variable and also the port variable.

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‫And to do that we go into app.js and somewhere here

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‫the port should be defined and somewhere here we have

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‫oral logger middleware and what I wanna do now

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‫is to only run that middleware so to only define it

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‫when we are actually in development,

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‫so that the login does not happen when the app

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‫is in production.

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‫So we have that right here,

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‫and so let's go ahead and say if

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‫process.env

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‫.nodeenv is equal

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‫to development well only then use Morgan.

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‫Now you might be wondering why we actually have access

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‫to this environment variable here when we didn't really

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‫define them in this file but in server.js.

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‫And the answer to that is that the reading of the variables

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‫from the file which happens here to the node process

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‫only needs to happen once.

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‫It's then in the process and the process is of course

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‫the same no matter in what file we are.

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‫So we're always in the same process

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‫and the environment variables are on the process.

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‫And so the process that is running,

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‫so where our application is running is always the same

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‫and so this is available to us in every single file

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‫in the project.

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‫So this is how we use this variable,

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‫now let's go back to the server and let's say that the port

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‫should either be the one coming from the environment

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‫variables or this 3,000.

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‫So process.env

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‫.port or 3,000.

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‫Now something is wrong here, let's take a look,

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‫and oh I see I'm already using 8,000

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‫in some other applications that's running somewhere

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‫on my computer.

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‫And so let me actually go ahead and change that here

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‫to 3,000 as well.

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‫But it doesn't really matter, you can leave yours at 8,000

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‫if that works for you.

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‫Clear it here, give it another save, and now it works.

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‫You can also get rid of this console.log here

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‫because we don't need to see these variables all the time.

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‫And let's now quickly do an http request to see

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‫if our logger still works and I'm gonna do that here

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‫postman again, so this one,

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‫going back, and now our login is gone.

251
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‫Well let's see why.

252
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‫So we have it here in development which is correct.

253
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‫And so this should actually work,

254
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‫so this is also correct here right, development.

255
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‫Well let's do a console.log and take a look

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‫at a tier,

257
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‫but we do get undefined down here.

258
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‫So let's check what's going on here,

259
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‫and so yeah I see the problem which is that we actually

260
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‫require the app file before our environment variables

261
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‫are read from the config file.

262
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‫And so it needs to be the other way around.

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‫So let me move that up here

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‫and then only after that we want to run the code

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‫that is in the up file.

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‫And then only after that we want to run the code

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‫that is in the up file.

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‫So again we couldn't read the process variable

269
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‫inside app.js because it wasn't yet configured.

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‫So if we give it a save now,

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‫then indeed you see development here.

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‫And if we do our request now, let's send it,

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‫then of course we get our logger back.

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‫So that's working now.

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‫And now finally as the last test,

276
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‫let's add a new start script to our package.json.

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00:14:50,050 --> 00:14:53,050
‫So right now we have start nodemon server,

278
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‫but I also want to add another one for production

279
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‫just so that we can test what happens in that situation.

280
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‫So start prod, and so let me call the other one dev,

281
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‫and so in production we simply want to set

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‫the nodeenv variable to production.

283
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‫So nodenv equals

284
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‫production and then the rest is the same.

285
00:15:24,236 --> 00:15:25,069
‫So nodenv,

286
00:15:27,288 --> 00:15:28,121
‫server.js.

287
00:15:29,685 --> 00:15:31,135
‫So let's finish this one here

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‫npm run start

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00:15:37,300 --> 00:15:38,303
‫production.

290
00:15:39,330 --> 00:15:42,030
‫And so now you see that our nodeenv variable

291
00:15:42,030 --> 00:15:44,340
‫is actually set to production.

292
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‫So that is coming from this console.log here.

293
00:15:47,670 --> 00:15:49,900
‫And if now do this request,

294
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‫we will then not get our logger.

295
00:15:53,505 --> 00:15:55,283
‫So it's not here as it was before.

296
00:15:56,580 --> 00:15:59,550
‫And so this is basically how we run different code

297
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‫depending whether we are in development or in production.

298
00:16:03,530 --> 00:16:06,193
‫So let's get rid of this one here,

299
00:16:07,650 --> 00:16:09,150
‫we can close this one as well,

300
00:16:11,398 --> 00:16:14,120
‫and so let's go back to our development script of course,

301
00:16:14,120 --> 00:16:16,420
‫so npm run start

302
00:16:19,598 --> 00:16:21,113
‫dev and all right here we are.

303
00:16:21,990 --> 00:16:23,650
‫Just one final test

304
00:16:24,810 --> 00:16:28,270
‫and indeed here is our login result.

305
00:16:28,270 --> 00:16:30,580
‫So that's it for environment variables,

306
00:16:30,580 --> 00:16:33,823
‫let's move on to the final lecture in this section.