1 00:00:00,990 --> 00:00:04,300 Let's not learn about HTML attributes, 2 00:00:04,300 --> 00:00:06,470 classes and ids. 3 00:00:06,470 --> 00:00:07,430 And then also learn 4 00:00:07,430 --> 00:00:10,543 about a couple more different HTML elements. 5 00:00:11,910 --> 00:00:13,840 So what are attributes? 6 00:00:13,840 --> 00:00:17,680 Well in HTML some elements can have attributes 7 00:00:17,680 --> 00:00:21,200 and these attributes basically describe elements. 8 00:00:21,200 --> 00:00:23,590 So that's for example create a link 9 00:00:23,590 --> 00:00:27,570 and this link will be inside of this paragraph, okay. 10 00:00:27,570 --> 00:00:30,210 So as you already saw we can nest elements 11 00:00:30,210 --> 00:00:35,140 inside one another, for example this h1 is inside the body 12 00:00:35,140 --> 00:00:37,970 and this p element is also inside the body. 13 00:00:37,970 --> 00:00:41,940 So the child elements of the body element okay. 14 00:00:41,940 --> 00:00:45,320 So I forgot to mention that in the last lecture. 15 00:00:45,320 --> 00:00:48,550 Anyway so let's not add this link element 16 00:00:48,550 --> 00:00:50,730 inside of the paragraph. 17 00:00:50,730 --> 00:00:53,760 And for that, we use the anchor element. 18 00:00:53,760 --> 00:00:56,930 So there's an a, and then in here 19 00:00:56,930 --> 00:00:59,890 we put a text that we want to be displayed on the page. 20 00:00:59,890 --> 00:01:03,380 So just like before and the paragraph, for example 21 00:01:03,380 --> 00:01:07,120 so here I want to place a link to my profile on Udemy. 22 00:01:07,120 --> 00:01:10,990 So let's say Jonas on Udemy 23 00:01:10,990 --> 00:01:13,740 but now how do we tell the browser where this link 24 00:01:13,740 --> 00:01:15,500 should actually point to? 25 00:01:15,500 --> 00:01:17,930 And that's where the attributes come in. 26 00:01:17,930 --> 00:01:21,380 So, as I said, we used attributes to describe elements. 27 00:01:21,380 --> 00:01:24,440 And in this case, we described this anchor element 28 00:01:24,440 --> 00:01:26,403 using the href attributes. 29 00:01:27,640 --> 00:01:30,920 And so href stands for hypertext reference. 30 00:01:30,920 --> 00:01:34,543 And so here you put the URL where this link should point to. 31 00:01:35,980 --> 00:01:39,543 So let's actually get my profile page on Udemy. 32 00:01:41,510 --> 00:01:46,510 So Jonas Udemy that's actually a link, 33 00:01:47,160 --> 00:01:51,283 I think yes, so let's copy this and put it here. 34 00:01:52,790 --> 00:01:55,450 Okay, give it a safe. 35 00:01:55,450 --> 00:01:58,310 And now well here we have to reload it. 36 00:01:58,310 --> 00:01:59,550 Sometimes it doesn't work. 37 00:01:59,550 --> 00:02:02,460 Sometimes we have to reload okay, 38 00:02:02,460 --> 00:02:05,730 so when you don't see it changing right away 39 00:02:05,730 --> 00:02:08,603 just reload and then it will work. 40 00:02:09,580 --> 00:02:13,120 So here we have this now blue link. 41 00:02:13,120 --> 00:02:16,750 And so that's the standard format of any HTML link. 42 00:02:16,750 --> 00:02:19,110 And when we now click this indeed, 43 00:02:19,110 --> 00:02:22,720 it goes to my user page here on Udemy. 44 00:02:22,720 --> 00:02:24,380 And of course you can use your own link 45 00:02:24,380 --> 00:02:26,663 or whatever link you want to use. 46 00:02:29,030 --> 00:02:32,320 And then we can go back and we're back on this page. 47 00:02:32,320 --> 00:02:36,880 Okay, so that's what we used this href attribute for. 48 00:02:36,880 --> 00:02:39,590 We described the anchor element by telling it 49 00:02:39,590 --> 00:02:41,680 which URL it should go to, 50 00:02:41,680 --> 00:02:44,020 whenever we click on the link. 51 00:02:44,020 --> 00:02:44,900 Now here on the page, 52 00:02:44,900 --> 00:02:47,860 you can actually see that there's text here. 53 00:02:47,860 --> 00:02:51,130 So this link is right in line with the previous text. 54 00:02:51,130 --> 00:02:53,800 So the text here in this paragraph 55 00:02:53,800 --> 00:02:57,233 that's why we call the anchor element an inline element. 56 00:02:58,260 --> 00:03:01,700 So it flows in line with the rest of the text. 57 00:03:01,700 --> 00:03:03,600 Now on the other hand, for example 58 00:03:03,600 --> 00:03:07,710 this h2 element here is a so-called block element. 59 00:03:07,710 --> 00:03:11,490 Because as we see here, this heading is not in line 60 00:03:11,490 --> 00:03:13,530 with the text of the previous element. 61 00:03:13,530 --> 00:03:14,860 It created a new line 62 00:03:14,860 --> 00:03:19,390 which only contains this content of this heading right? 63 00:03:19,390 --> 00:03:21,640 So all of this year is this huge block. 64 00:03:21,640 --> 00:03:26,540 And so it's a block element not an inline element, okay. 65 00:03:26,540 --> 00:03:30,770 So we can actually include this link here in a sentence. 66 00:03:30,770 --> 00:03:35,460 So let's say you can learn more about it 67 00:03:37,310 --> 00:03:40,243 and then let's say on Udemy. 68 00:03:43,740 --> 00:03:48,240 All right here, we need a space, okay. 69 00:03:48,240 --> 00:03:50,380 And so now this looks like a normal sentence 70 00:03:50,380 --> 00:03:52,820 and then with a link in it, 71 00:03:52,820 --> 00:03:57,370 and we can even put a period after it ,great. 72 00:03:57,370 --> 00:04:00,770 So let's check out another element which needs attributes 73 00:04:00,770 --> 00:04:03,490 which is the image element. 74 00:04:03,490 --> 00:04:08,490 So let's do that after this somehow space here 75 00:04:09,090 --> 00:04:11,630 and for the image we use the img tag 76 00:04:12,920 --> 00:04:15,740 and then this source attribute. 77 00:04:15,740 --> 00:04:18,040 And then in here we can specify any image 78 00:04:18,040 --> 00:04:19,810 from the current working folder 79 00:04:19,810 --> 00:04:21,793 or we can also set an image URL. 80 00:04:22,760 --> 00:04:23,963 So let's do that. 81 00:04:25,270 --> 00:04:27,430 So what I'm doing here is, 82 00:04:27,430 --> 00:04:30,670 since we're talking about HTML and CSS on this page, 83 00:04:30,670 --> 00:04:34,520 I want to copy this image here, okay. 84 00:04:34,520 --> 00:04:38,560 So the image address, so I'm getting the image address here 85 00:04:38,560 --> 00:04:40,800 and now I'm pasting it here. 86 00:04:40,800 --> 00:04:45,130 And so this jpg image is now the source of this image. 87 00:04:45,130 --> 00:04:47,630 Okay, and now you see here that 88 00:04:47,630 --> 00:04:51,070 with the auto save and edit this closing slash 89 00:04:51,070 --> 00:04:53,150 and that's because the image element 90 00:04:53,150 --> 00:04:55,490 does not have a closing tag. 91 00:04:55,490 --> 00:04:59,880 It only has an opening tag which is a img of course 92 00:04:59,880 --> 00:05:02,720 but then we don't have a closing tag. 93 00:05:02,720 --> 00:05:05,040 And so we can close this opening tab 94 00:05:05,040 --> 00:05:08,730 by the end using this slash here at the end of the tag. 95 00:05:08,730 --> 00:05:10,150 But it's actually not mandatory, 96 00:05:10,150 --> 00:05:13,050 it works just the same without this one here. 97 00:05:13,050 --> 00:05:16,460 Okay, so image doesn't have a closing tag 98 00:05:16,460 --> 00:05:18,670 because we don't really put any 99 00:05:18,670 --> 00:05:20,423 like written content in here. 100 00:05:21,610 --> 00:05:25,680 It's not like we say now a course image 101 00:05:25,680 --> 00:05:28,360 or something and then close the image, right. 102 00:05:28,360 --> 00:05:29,793 That would make no sense. 103 00:05:30,900 --> 00:05:34,510 And so that's why images don't need the closing tag. 104 00:05:34,510 --> 00:05:38,040 Now if we check it indeed here now is the image. 105 00:05:38,040 --> 00:05:41,330 Okay, so that's the source attribute. 106 00:05:41,330 --> 00:05:42,260 And as you see, 107 00:05:42,260 --> 00:05:45,110 different elements have different attributes. 108 00:05:45,110 --> 00:05:46,250 So for example 109 00:05:46,250 --> 00:05:50,410 the href attribute is not going to do anything on an image 110 00:05:50,410 --> 00:05:54,120 and the opposite is true for the source attribute. 111 00:05:54,120 --> 00:05:56,840 So if we use source here on the anchor element, 112 00:05:56,840 --> 00:05:59,200 it's not gonna have any effect. 113 00:05:59,200 --> 00:06:01,920 And so when you really learn HTML properly 114 00:06:01,920 --> 00:06:04,080 you gonna learn exactly which attributes 115 00:06:04,080 --> 00:06:06,470 you can use on which elements. 116 00:06:06,470 --> 00:06:08,690 But it's actually pretty straight forward, 117 00:06:08,690 --> 00:06:11,140 and you get used to it pretty quick. 118 00:06:11,140 --> 00:06:14,020 Now there are two very important attributes that 119 00:06:14,020 --> 00:06:16,220 we can actually use on all elements 120 00:06:16,220 --> 00:06:18,960 and which we can use to identify them. 121 00:06:18,960 --> 00:06:21,970 And these are classes and ids. 122 00:06:21,970 --> 00:06:26,130 So we use classes and ids to essentially name elements 123 00:06:26,130 --> 00:06:29,120 so that we can then select them in CSS 124 00:06:29,120 --> 00:06:31,120 in order to style them. 125 00:06:31,120 --> 00:06:35,430 And actually we also use ids and classes to select elements 126 00:06:35,430 --> 00:06:38,980 from JavaScript when we do dumb manipulation. 127 00:06:38,980 --> 00:06:43,980 So classes and ids are crucial to identifying elements 128 00:06:44,020 --> 00:06:46,180 and especially classes. 129 00:06:46,180 --> 00:06:47,493 And here's how that works. 130 00:06:48,550 --> 00:06:51,000 And again we can add them on any element. 131 00:06:51,000 --> 00:06:54,130 So let's add one here to this paragraph. 132 00:06:54,130 --> 00:06:55,640 So all we have to do is class 133 00:06:57,530 --> 00:07:00,080 and let's call this one the first okay. 134 00:07:00,080 --> 00:07:02,940 Because it's the first of these two paragraphs 135 00:07:02,940 --> 00:07:07,940 and then here class again and you guessed it. 136 00:07:08,630 --> 00:07:10,900 This one is gonna be called second. 137 00:07:10,900 --> 00:07:12,940 And we gonna use this in the next lecture 138 00:07:12,940 --> 00:07:14,940 to then select the two paragraphs 139 00:07:14,940 --> 00:07:16,870 and style them differently. 140 00:07:16,870 --> 00:07:19,590 So then according to these classes, 141 00:07:19,590 --> 00:07:21,610 now as I said beside classes, 142 00:07:21,610 --> 00:07:25,360 we also have ids and they work like this. 143 00:07:25,360 --> 00:07:27,337 So let's add it here to the image 144 00:07:27,337 --> 00:07:32,337 and let's call it course image just like this. 145 00:07:32,500 --> 00:07:35,100 Now the difference between classes and ids 146 00:07:35,100 --> 00:07:38,570 is that ids have to be unique, okay? 147 00:07:38,570 --> 00:07:42,200 So each id can only be used once on the page 148 00:07:42,200 --> 00:07:45,290 while classes can be used over and over again. 149 00:07:45,290 --> 00:07:49,360 So I could have more paragraphs called second 150 00:07:49,360 --> 00:07:53,190 but I could not have another element called course image. 151 00:07:53,190 --> 00:07:57,800 All right, in practice we actually almost never used ids 152 00:07:57,800 --> 00:08:01,440 to style elements or to select them from JavaScript. 153 00:08:01,440 --> 00:08:04,670 It's just a better practice to use classes. 154 00:08:04,670 --> 00:08:08,560 Okay, and now to finish let's create an HTML form 155 00:08:08,560 --> 00:08:11,870 so that we can use some more attributes. 156 00:08:11,870 --> 00:08:15,780 Okay, so let's do that here after the image. 157 00:08:15,780 --> 00:08:17,290 And now I'll also introduce you 158 00:08:17,290 --> 00:08:20,590 to the idea of basically creating boxes. 159 00:08:20,590 --> 00:08:24,330 So we want the contents of this forum to be in a box. 160 00:08:24,330 --> 00:08:28,080 And so there are many ways of creating boxes in HTML. 161 00:08:28,080 --> 00:08:31,330 The most generic box is a div. 162 00:08:31,330 --> 00:08:32,890 So let's say div 163 00:08:32,890 --> 00:08:35,660 and let's give it a name here using an id again, 164 00:08:35,660 --> 00:08:39,900 does that so we use classes and ids in different places 165 00:08:39,900 --> 00:08:42,483 so that you can learn how to use both. 166 00:08:43,410 --> 00:08:46,360 So I'm calling this box here your name 167 00:08:46,360 --> 00:08:49,020 because that's what we gonna do in this form. 168 00:08:49,020 --> 00:08:52,783 So just an input asking for the user's name basically. 169 00:08:53,730 --> 00:08:56,920 Okay, and here it already close the element for me. 170 00:08:56,920 --> 00:09:01,320 Or and maybe you're also noticing that for the names here. 171 00:09:01,320 --> 00:09:04,930 So the id name but also for class names in CSS, 172 00:09:04,930 --> 00:09:08,940 we use the dash to separate two different words. 173 00:09:08,940 --> 00:09:11,530 So in JavaScript we would use camel case. 174 00:09:11,530 --> 00:09:15,250 So course, and then like this, right. 175 00:09:15,250 --> 00:09:16,410 But the convention is yes 176 00:09:16,410 --> 00:09:19,010 as is to write it like this. 177 00:09:19,010 --> 00:09:21,440 Of course it will also work the other way 178 00:09:21,440 --> 00:09:25,198 but this is just a convention, okay. 179 00:09:25,198 --> 00:09:28,363 And let's create just a heading for this form, 180 00:09:29,560 --> 00:09:32,180 your name here, okay. 181 00:09:32,180 --> 00:09:34,800 And you can see that of course we can have multiple 182 00:09:34,800 --> 00:09:37,730 h2 elements here on the same page. 183 00:09:37,730 --> 00:09:41,670 So we have here a secondary heading and here another one. 184 00:09:41,670 --> 00:09:46,090 Okay, so we of course you already have the h2 here now 185 00:09:46,090 --> 00:09:48,800 and there's also this box around it, 186 00:09:48,800 --> 00:09:50,870 but you cannot really see it 187 00:09:50,870 --> 00:09:52,660 but we will see it in the next lecture 188 00:09:52,660 --> 00:09:56,973 when we actually style all of these elements using CSS. 189 00:09:59,760 --> 00:10:02,280 Anyway let's not add another paragraph here 190 00:10:04,330 --> 00:10:07,350 please fill in this form. 191 00:10:10,950 --> 00:10:14,390 And now let's actually use an input element. 192 00:10:14,390 --> 00:10:18,253 And so like that we are then basically creating a form. 193 00:10:19,580 --> 00:10:23,460 So input and then we use the type attribute 194 00:10:23,460 --> 00:10:26,680 to specify the type of data that should be inputted 195 00:10:26,680 --> 00:10:28,520 into this element. 196 00:10:28,520 --> 00:10:29,353 So once again 197 00:10:29,353 --> 00:10:32,490 we're using an attribute to describe this element. 198 00:10:32,490 --> 00:10:34,680 So here we could use a text 199 00:10:34,680 --> 00:10:38,660 or as you can see it we could use button checkbox, 200 00:10:38,660 --> 00:10:42,530 email, file and so on and so forth. 201 00:10:42,530 --> 00:10:45,080 But here we just gonna use text 202 00:10:46,142 --> 00:10:48,900 not then we can even specify a placeholder. 203 00:10:48,900 --> 00:10:52,703 Now we'll just use the auto complete functionality here. 204 00:10:56,170 --> 00:10:58,480 Okay, and we close it. 205 00:10:58,480 --> 00:11:00,800 And once more this is one of the elements 206 00:11:00,800 --> 00:11:04,480 which does not have a closing tag because, well again 207 00:11:04,480 --> 00:11:07,113 it doesn't make much sense to have that here. 208 00:11:07,991 --> 00:11:10,840 And then usually a form also has a button. 209 00:11:10,840 --> 00:11:12,993 And so for that we have to button element. 210 00:11:14,340 --> 00:11:18,180 And in this case it actually makes sense to have content. 211 00:11:18,180 --> 00:11:20,270 And so that's why there is a closing tag 212 00:11:20,270 --> 00:11:23,640 which the S code automatically placed there for us. 213 00:11:23,640 --> 00:11:28,640 Let's give it a safe and here we go, nice. 214 00:11:28,670 --> 00:11:31,360 So we have a nice input and a button, 215 00:11:31,360 --> 00:11:32,970 of course nothing will happen 216 00:11:32,970 --> 00:11:36,250 because for that we would need some JavaScript 217 00:11:36,250 --> 00:11:39,750 but that's not the point of this lecture or of the sector, 218 00:11:39,750 --> 00:11:43,110 but now you know how to create a form like this. 219 00:11:43,110 --> 00:11:44,590 And now just to finish this form 220 00:11:44,590 --> 00:11:46,490 we should actually change the name 221 00:11:46,490 --> 00:11:50,300 or the type of the element of this box here. 222 00:11:50,300 --> 00:11:52,820 Okay, because this is now a form 223 00:11:52,820 --> 00:11:56,090 because it has this input and this button elements. 224 00:11:56,090 --> 00:11:59,390 And so in HTML we have a special element for that, 225 00:11:59,390 --> 00:12:02,700 which is instead of div we use form, 226 00:12:02,700 --> 00:12:04,210 okay give it a safe. 227 00:12:04,210 --> 00:12:08,260 And it looks exactly the same but this is more semantic. 228 00:12:08,260 --> 00:12:10,370 What this means is that the form element 229 00:12:10,370 --> 00:12:13,350 better describes the content that is inside of the box 230 00:12:13,350 --> 00:12:17,670 than just the generic box that is the div okay. 231 00:12:17,670 --> 00:12:20,480 So the div element is really just a generic box 232 00:12:20,480 --> 00:12:22,650 which has no meaning at all. 233 00:12:22,650 --> 00:12:24,570 And so that's usually not a good idea 234 00:12:24,570 --> 00:12:28,090 for many reasons for example for SEO, 235 00:12:28,090 --> 00:12:29,950 when Google searches your page, 236 00:12:29,950 --> 00:12:33,260 it's better if it knows exactly what each element means 237 00:12:33,260 --> 00:12:37,070 than just having generic boxes without any meaning at all. 238 00:12:37,070 --> 00:12:40,100 Okay, so using the appropriate element, 239 00:12:40,100 --> 00:12:42,190 according to the content that's in it 240 00:12:42,190 --> 00:12:45,430 is the idea of semantic HTML. 241 00:12:45,430 --> 00:12:47,550 In this case we are creating a forum here 242 00:12:47,550 --> 00:12:49,400 because we have an input and a button. 243 00:12:49,400 --> 00:12:52,620 And so we use the form element that HTML gives us 244 00:12:52,620 --> 00:12:54,440 just for this purpose. 245 00:12:54,440 --> 00:12:57,330 Okay, it looks exactly the same as a div element, 246 00:12:57,330 --> 00:13:00,610 but it has meaning and so it's semantic. 247 00:13:00,610 --> 00:13:02,660 Okay, and that's it for this video 248 00:13:02,660 --> 00:13:05,900 in the next one we're finally gonna style all this, 249 00:13:05,900 --> 00:13:07,423 using some HTML.